By Π₯ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡ Π.
ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡ Π. Π₯ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½, 2021, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ° Π. Π₯ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ; ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ; ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. Π₯ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ.
Albert O. Hirschman, 2021, Political Theory
Albert O. Hirschman's book maps the rhetoric employed by opponents of progressive programs and reforms over the past two centuries. Drawing on examples from the French Revolution to the welfare state, Hirschman identifies three core arguments used against change: the perversity thesis (actions to improve lead to opposite results), the futility thesis (attempts at transformation are pointless), and the jeopardy thesis (reforms are too costly and threaten past gains). The author also notes how these rhetorical tactics can be used by reformers against conservatives, hindering democratic debate.