By ΠΡΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ
ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΡΡΠΆΠ΅, 1889
Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ "Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ", Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΆΠ΅ Π² 1889 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ.
Paul Bourget, 1889
Paul Bourget's "The Pupil," published in 1889, stands as a prominent example of late 19th-century French psychological fiction. Written from a Christian perspective, the novel critically examines contemporary scientific philosophy, particularly positivism, and its notions of moral relativity. The book delves into the inner lives of its characters and their engagement with the era's philosophical currents.