By ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (1882β1938) β ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°-ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Π½: ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ (ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ), ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π² ΠΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π°Π³Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²Π° β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°: ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ Π§ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π’ΡΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ. Π‘Π΄Π°Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ» Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½Π° β ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊ β Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ: ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ±Π°ΠΊ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· Β«ΠΠ°Π΄ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ», ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΒ» Π² 1924 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π» Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ β ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ .
Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov (1882β1938) β a name etched forever in the annals of Russian children's literature. But behind the pages of his captivating stories lies a life brimming with incredible adventures and astonishing discoveries. This extraordinary individual, combining the talents of a mathematician, chemist, naval engineer, and gifted writer, left an indelible mark not only on the hearts of young readers but also on the history of science and seafaring.
His path was remarkably diverse: studies in mathematics and chemistry at the Imperial Novorossiysk University, training in naval architecture at the Imperial St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, leading an ichthyological expedition along the mighty Yenisei River, working in the factories of Copenhagen and Nikolaev β all this is just a part of his vibrant biography.
The open sea beckoned Zhitkov: he sailed the Black, Red, and Mediterranean Seas, visiting sunny Turkey, picturesque Greece, romantic Italy, and hospitable Bulgaria. After passing his exams for a deep-sea navigator, he undertook a grand voyage across three oceans β from Odessa to Vladivostok β on a cargo ship, accumulating invaluable experience and inspiration for his future works.
But Zhitkov's talents extended beyond science and seamanship. He was a true jack-of-all-trades: a skilled carpenter, experienced mechanic, competent electrician, and successful fisherman. This rich life experience, the combination of profound scientific knowledge and practical skills, allowed him to create captivating stories, understandable and interesting for young readers.
His first story, "Above the Sea," published in the magazine "Voroby" in 1924, marked the beginning of a brilliant literary career for the forty-two-year-old Zhitkov. He could write about anything β and he did so with such ease and enthusiasm that his books continue to be loved and reread by children across generations.