By ΠΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΡΡ, 2018
ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ XIII ΠΏΠΎ XV Π²Π΅ΠΊ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΠ°". Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ, Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ.
Jacques Hiers, 2018
Contrary to popular belief, capitalism emerged in the Middle Ages, flourishing from the 13th to the 15th century in various forms. This period saw the rise of monetary loans, speculation, and active trading and financial companies, leading to terms like "exchange." All societal strata were involved, not just specific groups. Local burghers were significant capitalists, often outnumbering foreigners. Even the less affluent contributed by purchasing shares. Despite church prohibitions against usury, these practices persisted, with financiers, embodied by the Medici family, holding considerable power. The book offers a fresh perspective on the medieval economy.